Correlated Electron Physics beyond the Hubbard Model
Location: CECAM-DE-MM1P
Organisers
Electrons in real materials are subject to Coulomb interaction among each other. This interaction is long-ranged, gives rise to correlation effects, and often poses fundamental problems in ab initio simulations of real materials. A nowadays commonly used ab initio approach for strongly correlated materials is the augmentation of density functional (DFT) based methods with many-body treatments of the Hubbard model, such as the combination of DFT and dynamical mean field theory [1]. This approach, however, neglects all correlation effects stemming from non-local Coulomb interaction, since the Hubbard model only includes the on-site part of the interaction. Combining more sophisticated diagrammatic ab initio methods (GW) with methods and models which contain the long-range contributions of the interaction (EDMFT) [2] alleviates these problems in part but comes with the introduction of further approximations. Assessing the quality of such approaches is currently hampered by the fact that even the extended Hubbard model, which is the minimal many-body model capturing explicitly non-local interactions, is at best partially understood.
The treatment of the extended Hubbard model, a standard model for the study of simultaneous strong long-range and local interactions, has been subject of numerous investigations throughout the last decades. Studies using various methods have revealed different electronic phases such as metallic, magnetic, superconducting, and charge ordered phases. The used methods include quantum Monte Carlo, weak coupling, mean-field approximation, second-order pertubation, random-phase approximation, fluctuation exchange, bosonization, renormalization group, GW+EDMFT, dual boson, TRILEX, cluster extensions of dynamical mean field theory as well as variational approaches (see Ref. [3] and references therein).
Despite the large number of methods used to study the extended Hubbard model, the understanding of correlated electron phenomena in systems featuring prominent non-local interaction is currently only emerging and far behind our already very detailed understanding of models like the Hubbard model with strictly local interactions. Indeed, electronic phase diagrams, excitation spectra, and excited state dynamics of correlated electron systems with non-local interactions remain highly controversial. For the Hubbard model complementary methods have been recently shown to converge to the same results [4]. This is currently not the case for the extended Hubbard model. For instance the semi-metal to insulator phase transition line on the honeycomb lattice as obtained from quantum Monte Carlo and dynamical cluster calculations differ in many aspects.
Advances in the field of real materials exhibiting long-range interactions can be pinpointed by the following studies: a GW+DMFT study of ad-atom systems on Si(111) revealed competing ground states and the strong influence of non-local interactions on the phase diagram, thereby showing the principle importance of long-range interactions in real materials [5]. From a more general perspective, a variational study revealed that non-local interactions stabilize the metallic phase for systems close to half-filling. This could be applied to graphene and reconvene contradictory ab initio predictions based on neglecting non-local interactions, that graphene is a Mott-insulator [6]. Finally, recent studies on the prototypical strongly correlated material SrVO3, showed the effect of the formerly neglected long-range interactions, namely screening correlations and introducing plasmonic features [7].
Ab initio quantum chemistry methods offer an alternative route to describe electronic correlations in materials [8, 9, 10, 11]. In this framework, coupled-cluster theory [9] is an example of a well-studied and systematically improvable hierarchy within which certain classes of Goldstone diagrams are summed. Electronic excitations are obtained by equation-of-motion coupled cluster (EOM-CC) theory. Recently, several groups have explored the possibility of applying this approach, which traditionally was only used to model molecules, to extended systems, such as the homogeneous electron gas or semiconductors. When applied at the double excitations level, the diagrammatic content of EOM-CC goes significantly beyond the standard GW method, but the increased scaling of such calculations (going with the sixth power of the system size) makes convergence difficult and highlights the need for improved algorithms and computer codes. Another particularly promising approach to addressing extended from the quantum chemical side is the FCI quantum Monte Carlo (FCIQMC) method [8], which sample many-electron wave functions stochastically.
1. Introduction/Motivation
Realistic modeling of materials with strong electron correlations presents one of the central challenges in condensed matter theory to date and hold promises for novel materials developments in the spanning the domains from materials for energy applications to novel high temperature superconductors and topological states of matter.
On the theory side, the Hubbard model has been one of the central models to understand various aspects of strongly correlated electrons. It incorporates the competition between kinetic and interaction energy in the most basic way and exhibits phenomena such metal-insulator transitions, magnetism and unconventional superconductivity. However, in particular due to neglecting non-local interactions, links between the Hubbard model and real materials can be ambiguous and the Hubbard model can even qualitatively fail to describing real materials whenever non-local interactions are not efficiently screened. Examples include two-dimensional materials or also generically plasmon dispersions in metals which differ qualitatively in models with or without nonlocal interactions. Most obviously, in insulating systems, where screening is by definition incomplete, and also in systems with different competing types of electronic order prominent non-local interaction effects are expected.
Various theoretical approaches from different quantum physics and chemistry communities including different flavours of Quantum Monte Carlo, coupled cluster theories, Configuration interaction expansions, embedding theories, extensions of dynamical mean field theory, related quantum cluster theories as well as renormalization group approaches and diagrammatic perturbation theory have been put forward to address strong electron correlations in presence of non-local interactions. However, our understanding of the electronic structure of these systems is still rather limited as regards electronic phase diagrams, excitation spectra, and excited state dynamics --- both on the pure model side and particularly when it comes to modelling real materials.
The development of next-generation realistic many-body computational tools which are fast, reliable and are able to describe non-trivial quantum states of real materials requires clarification how non-local interactions affect the electronic properties of correlated electron systems. This workshop shall foster a clear understanding of merits and shortcomings of the different simulation methods currently under development by bringing together the respective scientific communities from physics and chemistry and set the stage for the development of novel simulation tools for real materials featuring correlated electrons.
2. Objectives
The proposed workshop should become a forum to brainstorm ideas about solutions to correlated-electron problems, particularly in presence of non-local interactions, and to identify new directions for many-body method development and challenging applications. In this way, we hope to create an “exchange mechanism” to unite a core of developers in an interactive environment to initiate design of a new generation software tools for many-body quantum modelling from model systems to real materials.
To this end, this workshop brings together people from different correlated electron communities (i.e. solid state physics, computational material science and quantum chemistry) to discuss possible synergies and new ideas in quantum many-body methods. Different methods, their merits and shortcomings shall be carefully discussed and benchmarked. Prospects of method unifications to approach the challenging problem of electron correlations in systems with non-local interactions shall be analysed.
References
Silke Biermann (Ecole Polytechnique) - Organiser & speaker
Germany
Thomas Frauenheim (University of Bremen) - Organiser
Malte Schüler (University of Bremen) - Organiser & speaker
Tim O. Wehling (University of Bremen) - Organiser
United Kingdom
Johannes Lischner (Imperial College) - Organiser & speaker
United States
Andrew Millis (Flatiron Institute ) - Organiser & speaker
Nikolay Prokofiev (University of Massachusetts Amherst) - Organiser & speaker